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By Robert Webb

 The power of computers is advancing at a rapid pace. Eventually, will we have the power to begin computer simulations of whole human populations? What would this mean economically if we were able to run these types of simulations? Could simulations of economic and political policies first be run on a computer before being enacted in the real world? Would this result in an optimization of economic activity and an ever greater increase in gdp per capita? How does one successfully model human behavior to a degree that is both accurate yet computationally efficient?

The human brain is one of the most complex organs known to man. To successfully model human populations it is vital that the computer models can successfully account for how an individuals brain would respond in specific situations in a sensory environment. Perhaps in the future, computer simulations that model entire human brains will allow even more realistic virtual simulations. However, this would require too much computational power that is not currently available. The Pentagon currently wants to “realistically replicate human behavior and frailties” to improve cyberwarfare tactics. The philosopher Nick Bostrom has argued that we may already be living in a computer simulation being run by an advanced civilization. This seems quite far fetched and I find it unlikely that we are in a simulation being run by other beings. However the increasing in computing power available to us may mean that we will soon be able to run these advanced computer simulations ourselves.

I think it could potentially be enormously beneficial to society to accurately model human populations. I would suggest that reliably simulating this aspect of general intelligence (along with possibly several other psychological variables that are too complex to go into in this post) might result in a reasonably accurate simulation. Now the simulation would currently be constrained by computational capacity. It could however allow a future society to run multiple simulations with various economic policies to find the one which lead to the best outcome for every person. A simulation is only as good as it reliably models human behavior. So they might have to run multiple simulations with different variables until a model that worked reasonably well was chosen.

A computer simulation would have the same problems that economics is plagued with currently. How do you measure economic success? Some people place more value on gdp per capita, while others might place more value on things like universal healthcare. I think it would be difficult for people to agree on what was the best measure of success for a population. There is also the issue of control. A person who successfully creates a computer simulation that can reasonably model human populations might have a considerable advantage economically over other people that did not have the model.

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The Troll A - A Record Breaking Gas Platform
By Patrick Omari

 Rising out of the North Sea where it takes a lashing from some of the roughest waters on the planet, the Troll A platform is one of the largest and most complex engineering projects in the world and, when it was towed into place in 1996, became the largest structure ever to be made and stands in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest offshore gas platform.

For any fan of engineering feats, the Troll A platform is something to admire. Even from afar it’s scale is jaw-dropping. This natural gas platform in the Troll gas field has an overall height of 472 metres. Put into context; that’s 148 metres taller than the Eiffel Tower and some sixty metres taller than the Word Trade Centre stood before it was destroyed. The construction involved 100,000 tonnes of steel - enough for 15 Eiffel Towers - and 245,000m3 of concrete, that’s the equivalent of 215,000 foundations for usual houses.

Of its 472 metres, the platform stands 303 metres below the surface of the sea. As each of the four legs of the platform are subjected to huge amounts of pressure - especially at the bottom - the construction method had to ensure that the concrete would be flawless, if it wasn’t the consequences would be disastrous. Accordingly, the legs are made up of over 1 metre-thick steel reinforced slip-formed concrete. This means that the concrete was formed in one continuous pour to mean there was no seams or cracks and each of the legs is a mathematically joined composite of conical cylinders flaring out to larger dimensions at the top and bottom.

Each of the Troll A’s mammoth-like legs are joined by a reinforced concrete box interconnecting the legs. This “chord shortener” serves as vital a purpose as the thickness and reinforcement of the concrete. As the Troll A is constantly hit by waves of varying size and force it’s structure is subjected to resonance. Sustained exposure to a certain resonance can crumble even the thickest of structures, as evinced by the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington in 1940. The concrete box that connects the Troll A’s legs dampens out the resonances by returning the legs’ natural frequencies.

A structure worthy of admiration, the Troll A was built by Norwegian contractors with work commencing on the base in July 1991. The deck was constructed separately and were joined in 1995 when the base was partially submerged - the only way to get the deck atop the giant legs. In an operation that took seven days, the platform was towed more than 200 kilometers out to the Troll field before being fixed to the sea floor with each leg using a group of 40 metre tall vacuum-anchors to keep it in place.

The purpose of all this awe-inspiring engineering? Natural gas. The gas rises through 40 wells to be exported through a series of pipes at over 2,000 miles-per-hour. That’s a lot of gas at a high speed from a structure that weighs 656,000 tons with new gas compressors scheduled to further increase production volume from Troll A.

atrick is an expert travel researcher and writer currently researching Manchester Airport Parking, Manchester Airport Hotels and Manchester Airparks

How To Use A Telescope For Research
By Ben Needles

 Would you like to do scientific research with your telescope? Do you have a preconception that to do serious research with telescopes needs an astrophysics degree and a telescope costing millions of dollars? Not so, even with a small hobby telescope you too can do great research with your home telescope.

Galileo used a telescope which is much inferior to todays telescopes, even the telescopes your can buy for your home. Galileo saw Saturn with ears, whereas most of the telescopes available today for the home can see Saturn in greater detail. You too can participate in scientific research in the comfort of your own home, and without an astrophysics degree!

* Astronomy Research - The Moon
I love the Moon, especially when looking with a telescope. The Moon is so close to use that the Moon offers us much ability to research. We could research the luminosity of the Moon over the periods of a month, and scale everyday on a chart of maybe 1 to 10 the luminosity.

A bit trickier, would be to measure the Moons distance from us, and is fully possible even with a telescope for the home. You could make drawings of the Moons craters and check up on a map of the Moon to find out what the name of the crater is. You could take a look and find how fast the Moon really moves, by making points in the sky and measuring how long it takes the Moon to travel that arc.

* Astronomy Research - Saturn
Saturn also offers us much research, even for amateur astronomers. You can see the planet over time coming closer and going further. You can see the belt in different positions, you can view different detail, and make drawings. You can look at the moons and find there positions, and figure when they are in eclipse, in relation to you.

* Astronomy Research - Jupiter
Again with Jupiter, we can do similar research as with Saturn. You can look at that giant swirling cloud on Jupiter and use it as an indicator. Then you can find out how long it takes for the planet to revolve. Also you can observe the tilt of the planet which could easily swallow up the Earth many times over. Jupiter has many moons, so Jupiter makes a great point for research as you can see the moons around Jupiter and in different angles at different times.

* Astronomy Research - The Sun
Viewing the Sun with a telescope must NOT be done directly, as the Sun is so powerful in an instant it could render vision useless. The Sun can be viewed indirectly, however, by projecting the Suns image onto a white card or if your telescope is in your house, one way that I have used successfully is to project the Sun to the ceiling. Note it will take time to find the Sun as you can not use any of the lenses to source it into view. It is far too risky and please heed this warning.

When you project the Sun, you can find great detail such as Solar flares on occasion, Sunspots regularly. Over several days and months can see the Sun is an active and living star with constant activity.

* Astronomy Research Without A Telescope
For many years, I did not have telescope, so I was only able to do astronomy research without a telescope. All is not lost and can be great fun. You can monitor Pleiades, the Orion constellation and many other constellations in the sky, depending where you are and what time of the year it is. This serves to prove a great piece of knowledge for when you buy a telescope, as you can navigate the heavens much more easily. The Moon also offers great research without a telescope, as you can see the phases of the Moon, and still measure color, and luminosity.

Amateur astronomy research is fully possible, even with a small telescope. You can make great discoveries, and though they may not make impacts on science, it is fully possible to make a more fun and meaningful hobby. When you add to this a good and disciplined research method of cataloging your findings, you will amass a great amount of personal knowledge on the objects in the heavens. You also may be able to find the next Halleys Comet!

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Now to take action! You will need a telescope, and or astronomy binoculars, and a notebook. Visit http://www.buytelescope.co.uk and http://www.buyingbinocularsuk.info

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